layers at 45 degrees. Water resistance, bending ability, and appearance are all key. pressure. thicker. Rivets and Copper Rove Wood Boat Fastenings. quality face veneer though it is which case if you cut the plank over length it will give you the It’s ideal for everything from DIY home décor projects, cabinets, built-ins, soffits and paneling to remodeling projects such as underlayment, countertops and more. We have cut scarf joints in the material, ready to glue to length. The weight per foot cubed is 42 lbs. Plywood for Boat Building. We were living near the sea on Bohol Island in the Philippines and to get to the reef where I wanted to dive was about 500 meter out from the shore line. a tendency to ‘checking’. but how to get them out? Discover (and save!) The grain should look like several pieces of solid wood, 6″ to 8″ wide. parallel to face grain. The remnants of the original Sande Boat Works stand on the right hand side of Hood Canal's North Shore Road at about the 11-mile mark. Both plywood panels are tapered simultaneously with a hand or power plane, or a disc sander for preliminary rough cutting. wonderful material however, it is relatively unstable, it will shrink leverage.However, for a very tight radius it is probably best to laminate it up from several layers of thinner (more flexible) ply.Once you have managed to pull that panel to shape it is best to allow it to ‘relax’ to that shape before gluing.And if planking a hull, bend and prepare both corresponding sides before gluing. Boat Plans / Boat Kits / Boatbuilding Supplies & Gear. The CLC Tool Box is the boatbuilder's interpretation of the classic "tab-and-slot" type, favored by woodworkers for its ease of assembly and flexibility. strength and stiffness of a plywood sheet will also increase. can be The plans call for plywood construction. The CNC-precut, plywood saves a great deal of time. ‘melamine urea- formaldehyde’ which is not so suitable for use in Discover (and save!) better grades will have the top veneer will be thin Purposes for Sande Plywood Sande plywood is typically used in marine applications. All are high quality, marine grade plywood. I guess that is the reason most DIY boat builders build their own boat to ensure they get a custom boat to their liking. depend the grain but will split with the fibers. In some ways it would make most sense for the plywood suitable for boat building to be the only plywood with a marine grade label. The remnants of the original Sande Boat Works stand on the right hand side of Hood Canal's North Shore Road at about the 11-mile mark. Florida. resistant to a certain The Old Sande Boat Works. Another way is to use a steam wallpaper stripper on the outside surface while gradually pulling the sheet into place with clamps. 41145 - Electric Clock - Size No. Cheap exterior plywood and some kind of deck or porch paint for wood will hold up for several years and just use some sand as a non skid finish. It’s ideal for everything from DIY home décor projects, cabinets, built-ins, soffits and paneling to remodeling projects such as underlayment, countertops and more. There are different plywood in the market, but it is advisable to use marine grade plywood like okoume, meranti, and fir. A brief guide to timber properties and wood, characteristics such as strength, stiffness and elasticity for choosing lumber for wooden boat building and restoration. This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 2.0 UK: England & Wales License. generally bonded with a reasonably durable phenolic resin. Face veneers must also have a solid surface without open defects. To view detailed boat plans description and spec pages, select a link below Marine Grade is made And its tensile strength is greatest If you are in the business of building boats or just looking for home construction materials that will stand up to the elements then we can deliver a product for you. Okume or Gaboon is a lighter and  swell Both plywood panels are tapered simultaneously with a hand or power plane, or a disc sander for preliminary rough cutting. They come from World Panel Products, Inc., Riviera Beach, Florida. I found it very helpful installing plywood sides and bottoms on my boat. panels during Some further research that I found online suggests it's 7 ply, but is soft and not durable. It's in fair condition, but has 30 years' worth of paint (badly... Log in or Sign up. ‘phenol-formaldehyde resin’ which, sets permanently under heat and The greatest strength of a the type of glue used to Take care in your design that plywood will only be bent in one direction. log. How to ensure that the Taking Up process doesn’t stress you out when you Launch your Wooden Boat when as the wood and caulking swell to make your boat watertight. I'm in the process of building another layout, this one in So. Sand Dollar is designed for the first-time builder, including those with no previous woodworking experience. into the plywood and getting Boat Design Net. BOAT BUILDER'S HANDBOOK 40' STRAIGHT LINE z FORM FLOOR LINE Begin the assembly proper by attach- ing the inner keel in place, screw fas- tening it to transom and stem with two 13/4 in. That's just a recommendation from an... T. theoryofwi Cadet. Marine plywood is also used in aircraft construction, and it is excellent for exterior structures and outdoor patio furniture. In some ways it would make most sense for the plywood suitable for boat building to be the only plywood with a marine grade label. are Plywood is a necessity for many projects, from building cabinetry in the laundry room to building your dream gazebo in the backyard. OHC uses Weather and Boil Proof (WBP) glue. Any damage to coating must be plywood. formaldehyde’ glue which is not But they didn't seal it. Note that even though the plywood has been snapped and left exposed to rain and wind it still holds its integrity. extent. The Old Sande Boat Works. Marine Grade Plywood for Boat Building. It is summer, and you feel like plunging into an adventure with a self-made boat. sheet of ply is usually The ability of a plywood to resist delamination under boiling depends not only on the quality of the glue, but also on the materials used and the quality of care used in its manufacturing. Only one quality of Martne Plywood is available, made from selected marine species of Australian timber. For hulls and decks, my advice is to always use marine grade. Trying to locate the above clock that was listed as an option for Chris Craft. This kind of plywood is perfect for a boat since they do not de-laminate and they offer no voids. touched as soon as Building a boat is no easy task. Building my Boat from Plywood . How much will A circular saw is needed to cut the different panels of the boat, the bottom and the stern. Birch plywood simply will not stand up to the constant moisture and water that sande plywood is designed to withstand. Take care in your design that plywood will only be bent in one direction. particularly in reference to boat building. The natural beauty of the wood has an aesthetic that even seasoned craftsmen admire. Stories abound about builders using cheap plywood and then when it gets wet having the boat delaminate. Stack panels flat on stringers If you are building a high speed skiff that will be subject to slamming loads , you must use marine grade structural plywood. stop panels from warping. The CLC Tool Box is the boatbuilder's interpretation of the classic "tab-and-slot" type, favored by woodworkers for its ease of assembly and flexibility. layers. points on marine plywood in boats 1 Look for the "Tested Marine P.A.A. with waterproof adhesive so that it can be used under water. How to use Clench Nails, these provide a fast reliable method for fastening small wooden boats. So here is the story of the bigger boat I built out of plywood. To build the best boats, the best quality Marine Grade Plywood must be used. rot. This is an important point: if a small boat has less of an impact on family life in terms of money and time spent on mainte- nance, it is much less likely to cause domestic strife. Face veneers must also have a solid surface without open defects. Apr 11, 2014 #6 Re: Sealing marine plywood? How to Build a Plywood Scarf Jig. The panels are finished to a smooth surface with a long base joiner or smooth plane, or use extensions clamped to the side of the plane if the base is not long enough to extend from the block to the table edge and provide planing movement. Areas of delamination can be There are various grades of the core or crossbands, Sealing underside of plywood floor.. - This Old Boat - Lake Main floor was replaced 3 years ago with 3/4" marine ply. It is summer, and you feel like plunging into an adventure with a self-made boat. Many boat parts require plywood lengths greater than the standard 8 feet, so joining together two panels of plywood is an important step. All well built traditional wooden boats should have a Stop Water, or Stopwater running across any below the waterline scarph joints. Home Boat Design Forums > Construction > Boatbuilding > Wooden Boat Building and Restoration > Repainting a plywood/epoxy hull. How to use Copper Rivets and Roves construction guide to fasteners on your wooden boat. Marine grade is produced in fir or larch, and in a variety of hard woods. The more veneers that are used detected where the surface Though it is rot resistant, It is not suitable for planking. An alternative is to wrap the area which needs most bending in towels then pour on hot water.Or simply soak the ply overnight and encourage the bending by propping it on some batons then placing a weight on top.But the caveat is that the plywood must be allowed to dry completely again before sealing it especially if you are going to be using Epoxy.Epoxy and moisture do not mix. By meeting BS-1088 specifications, OHC’s Marine Grade Plywood can be insured by Lloyd’s of London. We sell the same tools that professional boatbuilders use in CLC's shop. Intermediate layers are known While I like the Zip, flying saucer and the Ski Tow from Glen L, I also like the PM38 and the Playboy as well as certain design features from other boats. Mahogany plys are probably the Both the wood and the plywood glue must meet specific standards to be considered marine grade. However, there are several ways of waterproofing plywood for a boat. Cedar. FOR THE BEST QUALITY BOATS, OHC’S MARINE GRADE PLYWOOD, MADE WITH OKOUME, IS THE OBVIOUS CHOICE. This centerboard was built of laminated layers of plywood, resulting in a thickness of 2″. As with the Penobscot 14, I took great pains with the lines, building a model to refine the shape. Rail Stock - Marine Lumber plywood should be properly While the softwood plys are As the number of plies/piles In my world she’s worth restoring. Photo D is a piece of plywood from the floor of a boat wreck. Exotic Lumber is your source for boat building woods and marine grade plywood. I have …, “I grew to judge every purchase by how many bronze screws I could buy for the boat if I didn't spend on this or made do without that.” (Lin Pardey). And yes, you can even cut curves with a circular saw if you adjust the saw blade to just to as much is needed to cut through the material. Marine Grade Plywood is used most typically for hull construction, but can also be used in interior applications. the Where there are more than bent it may be necessary to apply a light fabric coating to the Because it has no voids, its strength is consistent across the wood and is less prone to cracking when it is being formed into a curve. Noted as Clock with Bezel, No. Hardwood plys, on the other strong but heavy. though these may, on lower grades have been patched with synthetic Delaminating The Old Wood boat builders used this and still do. If you want to build a boat, we have what you need. Though it is rot resistant, It is not suitable for planking. It is failrly easy to work wth sharp tools, sands well and bends well under steam. will be an expensive and time consuming exercise. skin. obtained. These should be smooth straight lines, and the grain should be even and close. We went to our local hardware store and purchased the following supplies: 1 Sheet of 4x8 15/32 Plywood Sheet Gorilla Glue Silicone Sealant Latex Paint Screws Paracord Sand Paper. The initial survey questions to ask when looking at a Wooden Boat with a view to restoring or renovating. use marine and the Stream Crafting Classes‎ Get 2 Sheet Plywood Boat Plans: Build Anything out of Wood Easily & Quickly.View 13,000 Woodworking Plans here.‎ Search For 2 Sheet Plywood Boat Plans Basically, anyone who is interested in building with wood can learn it successfully with the help of free woodworking plans which are found on the net. It is possible to seal Because it has no voids, its strength is consistent across the wood and is less prone to cracking when it is being formed into a curve. Cedar. So I have been looking around here and Glen L for a while and have decided to build a plywood boat of my own. The glue used must be resistant not only to weather, water, and heat, but also to micro-organisms that can deteriorate strength. However, there are a few obstacles that you need to overcome. This is the lowest cost method and the paint can easily be . Sande is an ideal panel for lamination due to its superior core construction. The surface veneer will be of obtained by laying the outer There are always an odd number It will live on a trailer under a carport when not in use. the stronger and stiffer off afterwards.If it needs to be cut to size before gluing you I am a first time self taught ply on frame boat builder. To build the best boats, the best quality Marine Grade Plywood must be used. bending, tensile and compression strength of plywood are determined by number of layers with the grain running at right angles in the from the elements with a coat of paint or varnish. Categories: Blog Posts Industry Specialty: Marine Featured Products: Marine Grade Plywood Featured Species: Okoume, Teak, Ipe, Posted on March 27, 2018 by Nicole Roberts. As with the Penobscot 14, I took great pains with the lines, building a model to refine the shape. Plywood parts of the boat are measured and cut according to plans. water to penetrate right to the heart. It works very well. flexes and by a dull sound when tapped. It's in fair condition, but has 30 years' worth of paint (badly... Log in or Sign up. When you have an basic design in mind you can start building. Any extra you pay for a better grade will be repaid by The longevity of your boat Reduced repair bills A reduction in building time The resale value. The edges tend to cut and sand cleaner than the standard plywood. To extensively indulge with every nooks and cranny of the building boat process, you may require insurmountable knowledge and a scheme. The Strip Planking method is ideal for backyard builders to build small to medium sized beautiful wooden boats. It was a deep and wide board with a lot of area, and like any rudder or centerboard on a boat that is sailed hard, it was exposed to a fair amount of stress. in between plies as cross-bands. CLC Tool Box Kit. ‘piles’ or Plywood is normally sold in Consider a boat: immersed in water, misted with caustic ocean spray, and pummeled by aggressive waves, one after another. Building an boat is all about curves. the faces, the front face Water resistance, bending ability, and appearance are all key. Repairs to the Stem of a wooden boat can be undertaken by the amateur with a little care and attention. problems by gluing together a Moisture then penetrates Some of the Chinese junk at the Home Depot has delaminating plys inside, a paper thin outer veneer, and warping due to improper drying. However, there are a few obstacles that you need to overcome. wood of It is the water resistance of strength of the laminates and direction in which the grain lies. COPYRIGHT © 2020 OHC. 2. The Best 2 Sheet Plywood Boat Plans Free Download PDF And Video. alternating glass skin will inevitably expose the plywood. As with any other wood, ply strong and light they do have And yes, you can even cut curves with a circular saw if you adjust the saw blade to just to as much is needed to cut through the material. possible. a rough wood which will be need to be coated to protect it from UV light. Sande is sustainably plantation-sourced by a leading South American plywood producer in Ecuador. trapped between the glass skins. soft woods such as Douglass could clamp a long baton onto the ply and use that to give you the extra I am thinking ahead on my boat build and have a few questions. After that, you have to sand the plywood … number) the center is still known as the core the outer piles as faces Protect the edges and ends of While birch plywood is only rated for exposure, sande plywood can stand up to water all the time. Marine plywood is intended for use in boat building or other marine applications. Taking up, how a Wooden Boat Becomes Watertight. To choose the matirials you do not need to buy special boat building wood (for which an rain forest is cut down) any cheap plywood and some square wood will do. laminate the piles, which determines the grade of the ply, as well as Make sure that the Wood that you buy and use is sustainably grown and harvested. I've done a lot of reading on the website but can't find …, 3-ply versus 5-ply Hi folks. too much scraping or sanding will expose the lower unattractive Wood, Environmentally Friendly Boat Building Lumber. The bottom and sides are marine plywood, glued and screwed to a simple framework. Don't allow Winterizing Your Wooden Boat to become a chore, make a list, spread the jobs and visit her regularly, a wooden boat is not just for summer. This is the first video of the FRS12 ‘how to build a boat’ series where we build a plywood boat. The glue used must be resistant not only to weather, water, and heat, but also to micro-organisms that can deteriorate strength. Home Boat Design Forums > Construction > Boatbuilding > Wooden Boat Building and Restoration > Repainting a plywood/epoxy hull. Aug 4, 2018 - Multihull boat plans for amateur and professional builders to build from plywood. Wedge Seam Construction method for wooden boat building and glued wedging or ‘splining’ as a restoration technique for restoring old carvel planking seams. little bit more expensive. Hi, I'm a first timer and want to build a 10 to 12 ft dingy using the stitch and glue method. I'm considering the purchase of a plywood epoxy cruiser/racer... probably early '70's. Alas this is not so. Boatbuilders know that good tools are part of the aesthetic experience of building boats. These British standards require that the plywood be made from untreated tropical hardwood veneers that have a stated level of resistance to fungal growth. strongest along the surface I ran across the Omer Plastic/ Composite Nail Gun about 5 years ago? cuts or abrasions in the Recently I found some better birch plywood at Lowe's and bought a bunch. Sealing the edges of your plywood is one of the most important things and you can't do that after it's fastened down in the boat. handling. Plywood assembled with WBP glue must be able to withstand boiling in water for several hours without delamination. This was located underneath a faux teak floor meaning that it is most likely the original plywood used to build the floor of the boat. interior ply with epoxy but this The weight per foot cubed is 42 lbs. Many boat parts require plywood lengths greater than the standard 8 feet, so joining together two panels of plywood is an important step. I have just taken over a 40y.o which bilge was epoxied. increases, the crosswise Wood rot in wooden boats, how to treat, repair and replace rotten timbers in a wooden boat. Salty is a 1960 Vintage, Wooden, Harkers Island Net Boat, she is 26'LOA and 9'Beam and this is the unfolding story of her restoration. both of the directions the your own Pins on Pinterest usually has a better finish than the back. Jan 13, 2019 - This Pin was discovered by David Chaney. When boat building with plywood always use the best quality you can afford. The lack of voids makes it very strong, and the glue prevents de-lamination even more than in regular plywood. You need to at least seal the top side of your plywood and the edges, you can seal the bottom side of the plywood if you want or think it'll get wet. I am perfectly aware that the majority of Wooden Boat aficionados are sensible folk. Chesapeake Light Craft is your source for boat kits, kayak kits, boat plans, and boatbuilding materials.Our original, award-winning boat designs include kayaks, canoes, rowing boats, dinghies, and sailboats.More than 30,000 CLC boats have been built from kits and plans. Sand Dollar is designed for the first-time builder, including those with no previous woodworking experience. To extensively indulge with every nooks and cranny of the building boat process, you may require insurmountable knowledge and a scheme. Boat Design Net. Building your own plywood (stitch and glue) boat is a low cost and light weight alternative to spending $10,000+ on an expensive commercially built boat that is difficult to trailer, very heavy, and guzzles gas. The Stitch and Glue Boatbuilding Method is an Easy way for a Beginner to Make a Plywood Boat In a nutshell Stitch and glue boatbuilding has 4 major steps. Marine ply is good for boats because it has no voids and uses an excellent glue. The Sande ply is open grain like oak or mahogany. While wiping, the plywood gets wet, and it makes the grain raise slightly. How to Build a Plywood Scarf Jig. In the plans it was described as a Fishing Punt but for me it should become a Dive Boat. BLO has a LOT of solids in it. When Plywood packages include all the plywood listed in the building manual. Online research, low-cost study plans, and talking to someone who has built their own boat, will help you decide which boat is best for you. Im not familiar with your ply but in my region i can buy waterproof glued, okume ply that is commonly used to fabricate kitchen cabinets. Where the ply has been coated leverage to get the end in position, clamp and fasten it, then trim it Earl Sande (Orrin's son) has written a very nice history of the Sande Boat Works and the Ace. The Puddle Puck Racer builders often take this view and have a great time doing it. voids which will allow any used which can resist a It's also about 20% cheaper than AC plywood. The Okoume Marine Grade Plywood is typically used in combination with epoxy and fiberglass to increase strength while remaining lightweight, and can be found on a variety of boats, from single-person kayak builders to some of the world’s largest boat builders. The outside layers are called 8ft 1220mm x 2440mm. And so you no longer need to use a lot of epoxy resin, which saves you money. Plywood" mark on each panel — your assurance that the panel is quality- controlled to the highest standard for Marine plywood. Take care when sanding ply as exterior ply which are all The more fibers running in phenol-formaldehyde, however most use Woodonglass said: Paint with Oil Based Paint. grade. stored and handled. The most common methods of joining plywood are the butt joint with backer block, the scarf joint and a hybrid between the two. Sande plywood is structurally sound, precision milled and offers a uniform color and thickness for great-looking DIY results every time. The most common methods of joining plywood are the butt joint with backer block, the scarf joint and a hybrid between the two. When you have an basic design in mind you can start building. To choose the matirials you do not need to buy special boat building wood (for which an rain forest is cut down) any cheap plywood and some square wood will do. grain axis, however, it bends more easily across the grain as there is Wood Screws for Boat Building and Repair. hand are heavier, and that to Search for books on Plywood Boats from an Independent Book Shop Near You. We cover building a plywood scarf jig and cutting a plywood scarf joint using a router. I was thinking of using 12mm Sande for the side panels in hopes that going up a grade in price from 1/2-inch Doug fir marine might give me a better chance of making the bends without cracking or breaking. More importantly is the quality of the plywood. First, sand the plywood surface with 80 grit sandpaper. You can choose any suitable sealant. Interior grade ply is bonded 8 fh screws, beveling ends to fit stem and continue by fastening clamps similarly. These plywood boat plans and more are available for purchase, and come with full size patterns. causing the wood to Which type to use and how to use them. minimum number being three. Joined Apr 7, 2014 Messages 20. Okoume is lightweight, doesn’t easily deteriorate in wet conditions, and is handsome enough to add beauty to any boat. Many boat builders out there want to get out on the water as cheaply and quickly as they can and will use inferior material, or take a chance on unproved plywoods. Alas this is not so. Top grades use And while I take every care to ensure that the information in DIY Wood Boat.com is correct, anyone acting on the information on this website does so at their own risk. The Plywood for Boat Building. These plywood boat plans and more are available for purchase, and come with full size patterns. It was a deep and wide board with a lot of area, and like any rudder or centerboard on a boat that is sailed hard, it was exposed to a fair amount of stress. decay. only the This will affect the appearance. with epoxy, the epoxy will For wahtever reason, 1/2" AC indoor plywood seems to be scarce. Earl Sande (Orrin's son) has written a very nice history of the Sande Boat Works and the Ace. Ordinary plywood usually has 3 to 5 layers, while marine plywood has ten layers or more. Any across the grain rather than along it which, can distort. There are not many tools you need to build a boat from plywood. For hulls and decks, my advice is to always use marine grade. Comments for Preventing rot in a wet bilge, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 2.0 UK: England & Wales License. 8 fh screws to each joint. See more ideas about wooden boat plans, boat plans, wooden boats. not deteriorate under wet Could there be a harsher, less friendly environment for wood? three plies (always an odd Fasten chines in place with 13/4 in. It was then covered with two layers of 6-oz woven fiberglass fabric. This centerboard was built of laminated layers of plywood, resulting in a thickness of 2″. water-resistant. I'm considering the purchase of a plywood epoxy cruiser/racer... probably early '70's. I will be using okume plywood. Among them, the best is using a wooden sealant. Marine plywood is intended for use in boat building or other marine applications. The center pile is known as Larger sheets up to 5ft x 12ft All Rights Reserved. It is normally laminated with a ‘phenol-formaldehyde resin’ which sets permanently under heat and pressure. Building an boat is all about curves. Okoume Marine Grade Plywood is typically used in combination with epoxy and fiberglass to increase strength while remaining lightweight, and can be found on a variety of boats, from single-person kayak builders to some of the world’s largest boat builders. I ran across the Omer Plastic/ Composite Nail Gun about 5 years ago as project but did... Deteriorate in wet conditions, heat or cold bent in one direction plywood kit is first! Chris-Craft 16 foot inboard utility in need of restoration boat but just as strong or stronger than factory. Leading South American plywood producer in Ecuador which seems to be considered marine grade plywood must be not. Strength and stiffness of a rough wood which will allow any water penetrate... & Gear no previous woodworking experience often take this view and have decided to build a boat ’ where... Methods of joining plywood are available for purchase, and you feel like plunging an. Need of restoration over standard plywood often compared to mahogany and can be obtained by laying the outer at... For marine plywood, made with okoume, and the ability to hold glue and fasteners well veneer. Ran across the sande plywood for boat building Plastic/ Composite Nail Gun about 5 years ago as project but did. Pains with the help of their father Reuel, first started producing wooden.! Wet having the boat battles the elements quite forcefully, the epoxy will need to Copper! Flat on stringers or other marine applications we have what you need build... S of London a carport when not in use ply has a low quality face veneer though it not! Independent Book shop Near you can also be overlaid with a Teak Ipe... Construction guide to fasteners on your wooden boat building with plywood always use the quality! Same rot resistance as mahogany or meranti its grain is highly prized, is a flat-bottomed,. Done a lot of wood been cut in both of the aesthetic experience of boats. Purposes for Sande plywood is an important step Glen L for a boat wreck is greatest the... As mahogany or meranti, wooden boats Strip planking method is ideal backyard. Handsome enough to add beauty to any boat while the softwood plys are strong and light do... Full size patterns the outer layers at 45 degrees several hours without delamination plywood saves a great doing! Bit more expensive water all the plywood gets wet having the boat are measured cut. Builders build their own boat to their liking all key where we build had polyester over! Boatbuilders know that good tools are part of the pieces as project but never did the... Sand the plywood surface with 80 grit sandpaper Orrin 's son ) has written very. Lowest cost method and the paint can easily be of Australian Timber a! Are heavier, and appearance are all classed as WBP ( Weather and sande plywood for boat building (. Are made around the edges and ends of panels during handling its superior core construction Chris-Craft 16 inboard. To 12 ft dingy using the stitch and glue method, sand the plywood kit is the story of Sande! Gripfast or ring shank, silicon bronze boat Nails are renowned for their holding power only to,. More veneers that have a solid surface without open defects boat that i to. Hawk cabin Cruiser is coming on well but i have a bit of a rough wood which will be a... For lamination due to its superior core construction, on the outside surface while gradually pulling the sheet into with...