The Santa Clara Valley runs south-southeast from the southern end of San Francisco Bay in Northern California in the United States. In the middle of a global pandemic, Southern California home prices keep setting records. California is also the leading manufacturer of cotton cloth and the largest producer of boron, sodium compounds and gypsum in the country. California's service industries, as a group, make up the largest part of the state's gross product. OPEN! Looking at the by-laws of the San Ysidro colony, with its professed creation of progressive individualism and democratic community life, the California Dream seemed little but an Anglo entitlement and a democratic farce. His most prominent accomplishment was his conception of the “irrigated society.” Smythe developed this concept through the advocacy of his journal Irrigation Age (1891), then the National Irrigation Congress, which he founded in 1893. For an argument for qualitative changes, see Worster, Rivers of Empire, 122-125. Laut, “San Diego: First Port of Call,” 111. Spring 1999, Volume 45, Number 2 Mediterranean agriculture is that type found in the areas surrounding the Mediterranean Sea which have mild, wet winters and hot, dry summers, and also in those areas elsewhere with a similar climate – central and southern California, central Chile, the south west of Cape Province, the south west of Western Australia and the southern part of South Australia. by Summer Furzer | Apr 1, 1999 | | 0 comments, The Journal of San Diego History On one side of the front lawn, are growing peach, apricot, and loquat trees.”27 The bungalow suited the cultural and physical environment of modernized rural areas. 2 (February 1910): 175. Anglo farmers saw them as undesirable: “Japanese can be had, but they demand high wages and are exceedingly independent and untractable.”60Blacks seemed to be more desirable than Asians and planters hoped that this group of wage laborers would bring the California Dream to fruition in the Imperial Valley, imagining a society similar to the antebellum plantation South: The picturesque negro, with his music and drollery, was missed by the old-time cotton growers, but it is thought that they may be brought into the valley in the future and interested in the work.61, The San Ysidro Little Lander’s colony was also prohibitive of racial minorities, but had adopted some of their agricultural methods. He explained that El Centro’s “civic pride is an expression of fellowship and harmony” and the “warm community spirit does not hide its light under a bushel.”50, In the town of Imperial, “the oldest city in the valley,” the city’s booster remarked that the valley was a “‘man-made country.’ Man brought in water, man plants the seed and cultivates the ground. On one hand, the promotion of small intensive farming left the middle-class farmer at a great economic disadvantage, even when agricultural commodity prices were high during the 1910s. They would be no larger than the 160 acres required for receipt of Federally-subsidized water within irrigation districts under the Newlands Act.20 Smythe imagined that the prospects of irrigation on Western lands would create egalitarian participation in the agricultural market and social life on the land. Lawrence Lee explains that the “Little Landers also reflected the prevailing majority’s racist sentiments, for the By-Laws were later amended to exclude Orientals and Negroes from owning property in the colony.”63. Tomás Almaguer, Racial Fault Lines: The Historical Origins of White Supremacy in California, (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1994), 1-16, 183-213. The regions include 12 geographic areas, three made up counties--Los Angeles, Orange and San Diego. Tulare Lake, once 570 square miles (1,476 square kilometers) and now dry and covered with agricultural fields, once filled much of the area. Together the two regions are home to more than half of California’s population of 40 million. Wilbur J. Before migrant settlers and real-estate developers came to Southern California, said booster F. Weber Benton, “the whole country from the Rio Grande to the Pacific Ocean was practically one vast desert where naught of vegetation could be seen but cacti, grease wood, sage brush, and occasional mesquite.”15 According to the booster logic, the ingenuity of Anglo settlers during the 1890s and 1900s transformed “waste” into “abundance.” Agricultural reformers brought the lands of Southern California under rationalization and reform, during the same era when urban reformers conducted social surveys that aided the expansion of municipal regulation in America’s cities. A drought and then flood in the 1860s caused the death of most of the cattle in the Salinas Valley, and more land was planted with wheat, which remained the predominant crop through the 1880s. Davidson quoted in “‘Back-to-the-Land’ is Theme in the Address of President Davidson,” San Diego Sun, 1 January 1915. Aridity signalled the need for irrigation, and irrigation brought a systematic and predictable aspect to the production of agricultural goods. Drought is one of the most severe natural hazards in the world. Known as the Coast Ranges, they were created by seafloor folding from the lateral movement of the North American and Pacific plates (along the San Andreas Fault) and their existence dramatically affects the soil, climate and thus agricultural potential in this region. The southern tip of the valley has interior drainage and thus is not technically part of the valley at all. The efforts of boosters had submerged and dire consequences for the region’s near future, both for sustainable development and for the equal participation of all citizens in the California Dream. Learn More ». Agricultural boosters in early twentieth century California saw themselves as inheritors and improvers of the land, creating a region for efficient, productive, and profitable capitalist agriculture. The millions of tourists and local visitors not only glimpsed the economic opportunities of the region at the fair. California is also the leading manufacturer of cotton cloth and the largest producer of boron, sodium compounds and gypsum in the country. 36. Dept., San Luis Obispo, CA 93407 Southern Region Office: This is a fertile area that extends 500 miles from the northwest to the southeast. The number of unoccupied beds in Southern California has steadily dropped as hospitals are flooded by unprecedented numbers of COVID-19 patients. According to Smythe, irrigation and profitable agricultural production were primary ingredients for inventing a new rural social order that allowed collective community life compliant with individualism. The participation of many agricultural enterprises at the fair, such as the International Harvester Company, the Seven California Counties model farm exhibit, and the Imperial County Celebration Day displayed the conflicting aims and variety of ideas about the social function of agriculture in an industrializing Southwest. 8. I was born in the Los Angeles area of Southern California, but moved to Grass Valley, California in … Commenting on the strides taken by Anglo rural farmers and capitalist agriculture, the Prospectus remarked that “Waste, then, is turned into plenty by labor, accomplished by common sense.”55 The rural order of the Mexican ranchero system, as an economic enterprise, consisted of land grants of thousands of acres, decreed to elite Californios for their military or public service. Southern California, especially the Imperial Valley, is also able to provide vegetable crops during the winter season, when competition is minimal and sale prices are at a maximum. Incidentally, the writer observed “the grapefruit grows to perfection here, the equal of any other district of Southern California.”43, In the drier climes of the county, olive ranching offered the best social and economic opportunities for families seeking to live on the land. Much of the land once devoted to orchard fruits, wheat, and sugar beets has now been planted with more lucrative crops with longer harvest seasons, or developed for urban uses. He believed that aridity was a blessing and not an obstacle to regional growth. Agriculture is a significant sector in California's economy, producing nearly $50 billion in revenue in 2018. To west coast-bound settlers who looked for opportunities outside of the industrial Northeast and Midwest, the agrarian ideal found its summation in the “olive orchard – a gold mine that never plays out – the trees bearing for centuries.”45. Over a third of the country's vegetables and two-thirds of the country's fruits and nuts are grown in California. collections@sandiegohistory.org Mark Watson hinted that the model farm’s distance from the city was “the best single answer to the question of ‘how to keep the girl on the farm.’ It proves there is nothing about the farm to make impossible the comforts of modern home economy.”29 Additionally, the depiction of rural living at the Exposition offered the farm husband and his wife hope that they could participate in the modern consumer economy. 36.985003092856-118.212890625 5 satellite. As boosters pushed agriculture as a political-economic enterprise they also peppered their economic dreams with visions of the unique cultural lifestyle that arose from the land itself. Donald Worster, Rivers of Empire: Water, Aridity, and the Growth of the American West, (New York: Pantheon, 1985), 20. William Smythe, “The Social Revolution of the Soil: The New Life of the Land,” Little Lands in America, (July 1916): 19, Ephemera Collection, Box 18, (SDHC). 54. In the 1890s, the cultivation of sugar beets began and the area soon housed the largest sugar beet processing plant in the world. The San Joaquin Valley—California’s largest agricultural region and an important contributor to the nation’s food supply—is in a time of great change. His dissertation was entitled “San Diego’s Expositions as Islands on the Land, 1915, 1935: Southwestern Culture, Race, and Class in Southern California.” His article, “Producing the Culture of Abundance in Southern California,” about the 1935 California Pacific Exposition in San Diego, will soon be published in the Pacific Historical Review. Panama-California Exposition, 1915, Prospectus, 755. From this region we enjoy fruits including cherimoyas, guavas, many varieties of avocado, dates, sapotes, delicious citrus and a wide range of vegetables. Crops cultivated in the area are durum wheat, canola, barley, oats, lentils, brassica and horticultural products. At the western base of the Coast Ranges, and on the floors of the valleys between them, is rich, deep, and characteristically fertile alluvial soil. Davidson was sure eastern transplants would “profit by all these efforts” at economic development. CAPITAL: Sacremento. It's positioned as the agricultural powerhouse of the United States. 48. In 2017, there were 77,100 unique farms and ranches in the state, operating across 25.3 million acres of land. Taking care of the land, water and overall environment are paramount in ensuring California continues to be profitable and competitive in a ballooning global market. California field crops: Location and trends in acreage, yields, and production, 1945-1991. Local boosters assured them of the potential social relationships and community life that arose from the “irrigated society” of the Southwest itself.In the late nineteenth and early twentieth century, San Diego’s business community sought the creation of a local economic infrastructure and the expansion of port facilities for shipping agricultural commodities to Eastern markets. Lettuce cultivation in what is now known as the “Salad Bowl” of the world, began right before World War I but didn’t take off until after the war. 11. With a vibrant, yet ironic, streak of anti-urbanism, he believed that the Little Landers at San Ysidro enjoyed the advantages of close proximity to the city, for “to deny the people who are to till the land in the future the advantages of the city – social, educational, and commercial – is to deprive them of the best advantages of our civilization.”23, San Diego’s Hinterlands and the Three “Wests”, The Seven Southern Counties Pavilion prominently displayed the idea of the agricultural utopia with a demonstration field of an intensive citrus farm, complete with a model bungalow. Pittsburgh-Lake Erie Region 4. Carey McWilliams, Southern California: An Island on the Land, (New York: Duell, Sloan, & Pearce, 1946), 96-112; See Mike Davis, The Ecology of Fear: Los Angeles and the Imagination of Disaster, (New York: Metropolitan Books, 1998), 35-55. The model bungalow is probably just as important as the model orchard and truck garden and poultry yard which lie about it.”26, Technology and machinery also altered social life on the land. At the Ferry Plaza Farmers Market, we enjoy products from almost all of California’s production regions because of our central location and the population concentration in the Bay Area. The warmer semi-desert of Southern California supports the cultivation of subtropical fruits that cannot withstand temperatures below the high 20s. Drought is one of the most severe natural hazards in the world. Patricia Limerick, The Legacy of Conquest: The Unbroken Past of the American West, (New York: W.W. Norton & Co., 1987), 136. The writer of the Prospectus made this point clear, explaining that “While the husband is looking at plows and harvesters, the real head of the family is going to be browsing about the model bungalows.”30, The new household appliances common in urban America’s department stores, when brought to the farm, promised to eliminate the drudgery, difficulty, and tedium of everyday chores. The few farmers that come to the market from more southern portions of our state add much diversity to the offerings here. For five decades, California Agriculture has reported historical research developments and contributed scientific expertise to ongoing agricultural and environmental debates. PERCENTAGE OF SURFACE AREA COVERED BY WATER: 4.7%. Coastal temperatures are fairly consistent, and can support year-round production of many row crops. Click here to read Part I about the Central Coast and Southern California. 1-888-334-CalTIP (888-334-2258) A Confidential Secret Witness Program . Southern California Southern California is a megapolitan area in the southern region of the U.S. state of California.The large urban areas containing Los Angeles and San Diego stretch all along the coast from Ventura to the Southland and Inland Empire to San Diego. The most ambitious agricultural reformer in the region was William Ellsworth Smythe. The bulk of California's population – 68 percent – lives in the coastal region and accounts for 80 percent of the state's economy. Agnes C. Laut, “San Diego: First Port of Call,” Sunset Magazine 30, no. For the debate on the structure of agribusiness in late nineteenth and early twentieth century California, see David Vaught, “Factories in the Field Revisited,” Pacific Historical Review, LXVI, no. Vaught, “Factories in the Field Revisited,” 164-167, 178-184. 66. “Official Address of G.A. Carl Abbott, “The American West and Three Urban Revolutions,” ed. Central valley region. Commenting on the early twentieth century West, historian Donald Worster explains that the region was “only the latest in a long series of experiments in building an irrigation society.”4 San Diego’s Panama-California Exposition of 1915 promoted a vision of the American Southwest and Southern California as a region of Edenic abundance. 10. 1990 USDA Hardiness Zone Maps for Neighboring States and Provinces. The work done by the center has revealed just how crucial atmospheric rivers are to California, which is both the most populous U.S. state and the country’s top agricultural producer. Summer quoted in “Exposition Shows Possibilities of Farming.”. Davidson, President of the Panama-California Exposition,” 1 January 1915, Amero Collection, Panama-California Exposition of 1915, January 1915 Folder, San Diego History Center, Research Archives (hereafter cited SDHC). 57. '” Of course, the box the peas had come in read, “‘Green peas, from Imperial Valley, Cal. 14. 63. It was the pure democracy of the Fathers, plus the modern improvements of the West, including full woman suffrage, with initiative, referendum, and recall.”22, The citizen of the agricultural utopia was not a rural farmer, but a tired and weary urban middle-class professional seeking solace and a livelihood in the “country.” Smythe and other agricultural boosters passionately advocated a “middle landscape;” a unique type of social place that neither resembled the city nor the country, but bridged the central tenets of each human environment. The Land Law of 1851 worked to disenfranchise the Californios from their ranchos, and eventually, Anglos came to hold significant portions of arable land for agriculture and grazing.56 Even further, the economic foundations of the Mission system pioneered by Spanish Franciscan priests in the late eighteenth century, from San Diego to San Francisco, had not brought Southern Californian land under maximum production. Kennedy quoted in “Exhibits for Fair Pour in by Hundreds,” San Diego Union, 5 November 1914. Detroit Industrial Region 5. Besides agricultural profits, inexpensive land, and stable crop prices, El Centro and Valley communities offered audiences visions of rural community life.48 Boosters promoted an image of the Valley as a modernized agricultural settlement, in tune with the currents of Progressivism, municipal planning, and modernity that swept the state and the nation. Agriculture. Agriculture. Panama-California Exposition, Prospectus, 757. Boosters assured that San Diego’s hinterlands would be earmarked for the agricultural market, but the rhetoric of intensive-farming and life on the land sounded distinctly “suburban” in the tone of their writings. Almaguer notes that the racialization process varied from ethnic group to ethnic group, depending on class and gender. The “irrigated society” aided the industrialization and predictability of crop yields for the small family farm, thereby altering water, power, and land tenure needs in Southern California. Most of the farms that come to the Ferry Plaza Farmers Market from this area use well water supplied on site or have runoff catchment and storage systems, and a few get water from local irrigation districts. The San Diego History Center a Smithsonian Affiliate and member to the San Diego Museum Council and Balboa Park Cultural Partnership. 28. 4. 55. As small farms failed and landholders sold off their excess acreage, subsequent developers planned and built large suburban communities on rural lands that were in close proximity to urban San Diego, namely the areas of Mission Valley, Clairemont, and Grossmont.54 As the citrus orchards were plowed under by developers, tract homes grew up in their place, creating a developmental template for years to come in Southern California. The maritime climate and resulting fog (held in by the mountains) keep the summers cool and winters warm – a key factor in the diverse and prolific agricultural production that occurs there. They came to establish missions in Baja and convert the natives to the Catholic lifestyle. Boosters indicated that they could equally participate in the modernization and modernity of the times. Boosters anticipated that the opening of the Panama Canal in 1915 would allow new markets for agricultural goods and raw materials and bring new settlers to the region. Crop expert F.C. Pacific Coastal Region. click for Fullsize. Panama-California Exposition, 1915, Prospectus, 266. Modern technology allowed the farm family to “see labor decreased in the meadow, in the barn, in the dairy.” “And, what is quite as important,” stated one booster, “wives will see labor decreased in the kitchen, the laundry, and the sewing room.”31Putting the land and the home under “production,” in the widest sense, the wife “will discover that the same god of machinery” that helped her husband on his small cultivated plots would allow her to discover, that the farmhouse can have all the improvements of the city apartment, and that there is no reason why she should not have a little time away from her work to trail flowers over the front porch – or chat with her neighbor down the street.32. Some historians note that the trend of urban/hinterland relations centralized economic power in cities after 1890.66 Even though San Diego’s largest industry was agriculture, boosters created powerful, and sometimes erroneous, ideologies about social life, climate, and environment that contributed to their promotion of a distinct political economy in Southern California. “Souvenir Guide of the ‘Out-of-Doors’ Exhibit of the Seven Southern Counties of California,” Panama-California Exposition, 1915, Ephemera Collection, Box 18, Folder 2, np., (SDHC). The Valley produces over half of the vegetables, fruits, and nuts in the United States. One must note that the organization of The Ecology of Fear is Davis’ debt to Carey McWilliams’ Southern California Country. The Southern Region geography is vast and varied with terrain consisting of valley floors, agricultural centers, watershed areas, foothill regions, mountain range areas and high desert regions. Boosters tried to lure prospective settlers to San Diego’s rural areas by creating a moral economy that was anti-urban in orientation. Lake Michigan Region 6. Indeed, one of Smythe’s trickiest maneuvers, in the words of historian Lawrence Lee, was “to attract gullible Eastern Americans to a form of intensive agriculture better practiced by the despised Orientals.”62 In urban areas, developers created restrictive covenants which dictated who could purchase a home in newer city neighborhoods. This racial hierarchy also followed the creation of San Diego’s agricultural utopias throughout the city’s hinterlands. Lawrence Lee, “The Little Landers Colony of San Ysidro,” Journal of San Diego History 21, no. The author would like to thank Allen Davis and Miles Orvell of Temple University for helpful readings of earlier drafts of this project. Answer to Similarly, what is the name of the agricultural region in the southern tip of California? California is the leading US state for cash farm receipts, accounting for over 13 percent of the nation's total agricultural … This was especially true of boosterism that indicated how the “successful” participation of the small farm family in the agricultural economy would be allowed to use its bungalow for status and increased leisure. The Santa Clara Valley runs south-southeast from the southern end of San Francisco Bay in Northern California in the United States. Vaught characterizes three-quarters of farms in California in 1910 as less than 175 acres. North American industrial region comprising of USA and Canada is a highly developed industrial region … In the U.S. agricultural sector, many interactions and relationships exist between and among different commodities. 17. The conversations with and suggestions of Sally West, Gregg Hennessey, Ramón Guitiérrez, Lisbeth Haas, and Rick Crawford have helped refine the argument of this article, yet any error of judgement remains my own. Noted California booster Anges C. Laut wrote that as “regards water transportation, – San Diego thinks she is justified on counting heavily, for she is the nearest port of call of all Pacific ports for the fleets of the world passing through Panama.”5 San Diego businessmen were ecstatic about San Diego’s new railroad to Yuma, which hauled the staples of San Diego’s agricultural economy, both in the county and the Imperial Valley, outside of the region for the first time. POPULATION: 6.5 million. '”52, The California Dream, Racial Minorities, and the Mode of Production. Laut, “San Diego: First Port of Call,” 118. Although not a socialist cooperative, such as Job Harriman’s Llano del Rio in Los Angeles’ Antelope Valley, nor a community modeled after the collectivist political theory of Mary Parker Follet or Herbert Croly, the San Ysidro colony resembled a competitive marketing cooperative. Kevin Starr, Material Dreams: Southern California Through the 1920s, (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1990), 30- 31. Markets for major agricultural commodities are typically analyzed by looking at supply-and-use conditions and implications for prices. High humidity along the coast is also great for mushroom cultivation. Together the two regions are home to more than half of California’s population of 40 million. 1649 El Prado, Suite #3 A bit of agricultural and environmental history is important here. Mediterranean agriculture is that type found in the areas surrounding the Mediterranean Sea which have mild, wet winters and hot, dry summers, and also in those areas elsewhere with a similar climate – central and southern California, central Chile, the south west of Cape Province, the south west of Western Australia and the southern part of South Australia. 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